Find call candidates
Superscript or symbolic markers, baseline displacement, reading position, and PDF reference links.
Level 4 · Recognition method
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Footnotes, furniture, and page identity
Footnotes are semantic content. Headers, footers, and page numbers are physical page objects whose importance depends on navigation and meaning.
Footnotes
Call, body, and relation
Find body candidates
Footnote zone, smaller local style, separator rule, matching lead marker, and body-like wrapping.
Associate call and body
Marker identity, page proximity, reading order, geometry, and explicit links. Repeated bottom text without a call is more likely a footer.
Resolve continuation
An open body can continue on the next page only in that page’s note zone below body content, with compatible style and indent. A call is never manufactured for an isolated body.
Page furniture
Recurrence, not a fixed top or bottom band
Candidate regions are clustered across pages by normalized geometry, text fingerprints, visual hashes, style, and relative reading position. Change-point analysis permits a unique first-page header, odd/even variants, section-specific text, repeated graphics, and furniture on only a subset of pages.
A logical title stays in body content when it participates in the heading hierarchy and lacks recurrence evidence. Repeated furniture can be omitted from a clean view while remaining in PDFMD or the audit record.
Page numbering
Several systems may coexist
Short numeric, Roman, alphanumeric, annex, and Bates candidates can occur anywhere on a page. The recognizer scores each sequence across pages using transitions, typography, nearby labels, recurrence geometry, and internal references. A lone number near an edge is insufficient.
Example. Source page 18 may display annex page “A-3” and Bates number “CASE000184” at the same time. PDFMD records separate systems rather than choosing one.
Physical pages
Blank pages and visible labels remain addressable
A page is an explicit object even with no semantic text. Blank pages can change page sequence, visible numbering, citations, or annex references. The canonical record therefore preserves source page order and relevant numbering rather than renumbering after empty content is removed.